Free Essays on Gothic And Renaissance Architecture

Early Gothic During the Romanesque Period many creations and innovations of architecture were occurring in various places, but it wasn’t until the construction of the Abbey Church of St. Denis that Gothic Architecture truly began to take shape. Here at this church in a region called Ile-di-France in northern France the various architectural innovations were brought together and formed the Gothic style. Abbot Suger was a very innovative and energetic man who is said to be responsible for this advancement in architecture. In 1122 Suger was elected abbot of the French Royal Monastery of St. Denis. At this time St. Denis was not in its true splendor. The church was un-kept, overcrowded, and beginning to decay. The original building was built in 775 as a Carolingian basilica. Revisions had been made in 832 to enlarge the eastern chapel, but little work had been done since then. Sugar had aspirations to rebuild the church, yet had other matters that needed his attention before anything could be done. The Abbey was in financial trouble and faced a lot of criticism for the religious practices of the monks from Bernard of Clairvaux. As Suger worked to strengthen the church’s finances and reputation, he researched and developed images of what he would like his church to become once the church itself was more in order. He studied the designs dictated by God, as was written in the Biblical descriptions of the Temple of Solomon. He read what he thought to be writing of St. Denis that documented the use of light’s mystical and metaphysical properties. He took and great interest in the discussions of colored light. Suger was planning on creating a building that was above all other buildings. He was determined to surpass the church of Hagia Sophia that was seen as the most splendid church in Christendom. In order to do so, Suger questioned travelers from Constantinople about the Hagia Sophia and its structure. Once the other concerns of the... Free Essays on Gothic And Renaissance Architecture Free Essays on Gothic And Renaissance Architecture Early Gothic During the Romanesque Period many creations and innovations of architecture were occurring in various places, but it wasn’t until the construction of the Abbey Church of St. Denis that Gothic Architecture truly began to take shape. Here at this church in a region called Ile-di-France in northern France the various architectural innovations were brought together and formed the Gothic style. Abbot Suger was a very innovative and energetic man who is said to be responsible for this advancement in architecture. In 1122 Suger was elected abbot of the French Royal Monastery of St. Denis. At this time St. Denis was not in its true splendor. The church was un-kept, overcrowded, and beginning to decay. The original building was built in 775 as a Carolingian basilica. Revisions had been made in 832 to enlarge the eastern chapel, but little work had been done since then. Sugar had aspirations to rebuild the church, yet had other matters that needed his attention before anything could be done. The Abbey was in financial trouble and faced a lot of criticism for the religious practices of the monks from Bernard of Clairvaux. As Suger worked to strengthen the church’s finances and reputation, he researched and developed images of what he would like his church to become once the church itself was more in order. He studied the designs dictated by God, as was written in the Biblical descriptions of the Temple of Solomon. He read what he thought to be writing of St. Denis that documented the use of light’s mystical and metaphysical properties. He took and great interest in the discussions of colored light. Suger was planning on creating a building that was above all other buildings. He was determined to surpass the church of Hagia Sophia that was seen as the most splendid church in Christendom. In order to do so, Suger questioned travelers from Constantinople about the Hagia Sophia and its structure. Once the other concerns of the...

Suppressed Evidence Fallacy

Suppressed Evidence Fallacy In the discussion about inductive arguments, it is explained how a cogent inductive argument had to have both good reasoning and true premises. But the fact that all included premises have to be true also means that all true premises have to be included. When true and relevant information is left out for any reason, the fallacy called Suppressed Evidence is committed. The fallacy of Suppressed Evidence is categorized as a Fallacy of Presumption because it creates the presumption that the true premises are complete. Examples and Discussion Here is an example of Suppressed Evidence used by Patrick Hurley: 1. Most dogs are friendly and pose no threat to people who pet them. Therefore, it would be safe to pet the little dog that is approaching us now. It should be possible to imagine all sorts of things which might be true and which would be highly relevant to the issue at hand. The dog might be growling and protecting its home. Or it might even be foaming at the mouth, suggesting rabies. Here is another, similar example: 2. That type of car is poorly made; a friend of mine has one, and it continually gives him trouble. This might seem like a reasonable comment, but there are many things which might be left unsaid. For example, the friend might not take good care of the car and might not get the oil changed regularly. Or maybe the friend fancies himself as a mechanic and just does a lousy job. Perhaps the most common use of the fallacy of Suppressed Evidence is in advertising. Most marketing campaigns will present great information about a product, but will also ignore problematic or bad information. 3. When you get digital cable, you can watch different channels on every set in the house without purchasing expensive extra equipment. But with satellite TV, you have to buy an extra piece of equipment to each set. Therefore, digital cable is a better value. All of the above premises are true and do lead to the conclusion. But what they fail to note is the fact that if you are a single person - the sort of person who often seems to be the subject of the ads, curiously enough - there is little or no need to have independent cable on more than one TV. Because this information is ignored, the above argument commits the fallacy of Suppressed Evidence. We also sometimes see this fallacy committed in scientific research whenever someone focuses on evidence which supports their hypothesis while ignoring data which would tend to disconfirm it. This is why it is important that experiments can be replicated by others and that the information about how the experiments were conducted be released. Other researchers might catch the data which was originally ignored. Creationism is a good place to find fallacies of Suppressed Evidence. There are quite a few cases where creationist arguments simply ignore evidence relevant to their claims, but which would cause them problems. For example, when explaining how a Great Flood would explain the fossil record: 4. As the water level began to rise, the more advanced creatures would move to higher ground for safety, but more primitive creatures would not do so. This is why you find less complex creatures further down in the fossil record and human fossils near the top. All sorts of important things are ignored here, for example, the fact that marine life would have benefitted from such a flood and the would not be found layered in such a way for those reasons. Politics is also an excellent source of this fallacy. It isnt unusual to have a politician make claims without bothering to include critical information. For example: 5. If you look at our money, you will find the words In God We Trust. This proves that ours is a Christian Nation and that our government accepts that we are a Christian people. What is ignored here is, among other things, that these words only became mandatory on our money during the 1950s when there was a widespread fear of communism. The fact that these words are so recent and are largely a reaction to the Soviet Union makes the conclusion about this being politically a Christian Nation much less plausible. Avoiding the Fallacy You can avoid committing the fallacy of Suppressed Evidence by being careful with regard to any research you do on a topic. If you are going to defend a proposition, you should make an attempt to find contradictory evidence and not simply evidence which supports your presupposition or beliefs. By doing this, you are more likely to avoid missing crucial data, and it is less likely that anyone can reasonably accuse you of committing this fallacy.

Management Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Management Operations - Assignment Example It begins with an outline of the problem and its consequences, then presents a process map and a service blueprint to show the ideal processes that would lead to a good customer experience, allowing the problems areas within the process to be identified. The issues identified will be explained using operations management concepts and possible solutions presented. The report will conclude with a summary of the findings and a set of recommended actions for the college. The Problem For the past few years, further education college â€Å"Town College† has had problems with the presentation of courses for their part time degree students in the marketing discipline. Last year, during the second semester, the international marketing communications course went through three tutors in the space of four weeks, causing several problems for both the college and the students. For the students, there was the lack of continuity in terms of teaching content and style, causing inconsistencies in what was taught and conflicting information being given by different tutors. Secondly, this lack of continuity was compounded for the assessment schedule, with coursework being set and briefed by the first tutor, then briefed again by the third tutor because they would be marking the assignment; and the exam preparation having to be rushed as it was the last tutor who had to prepare it to the necessary standards having taught a single week and with no idea as to what had specifically been covered during the first part of the course. This caused further problems for the students, who were unclear as to what would appear in the exam, and whether or not they had been adequately prepared. Overall, for the students, the learning experience was extremely poor. For the final member of staff teaching the students, the additional responsibilities of marking the assignment and setting and marking the exam, above the normal weekly course preparation, caused problems as there were no records of what had been presented by the previous tutors, therefore setting the exam questions was a matter of hoping that the areas covered in the exam paper had been covered adequately during classes. It actually transpired that one area, marketing ethics, had not been covered at all, requiring some last minute remedial work to be undertaken long distance as classes had finished by the time this was brought to the attention of the tutor. In addition, availability of resources such as photocopiers, flipcharts and pens, and computer access was not as good as it should have been, with photocopiers frequently out of paper and no automatic access to them as the contract was temporary. For the college, the quality of the learning experience delivered overall was not up to standard. There were complaints from the students. There was much rushing around to complete tasks towards the end that should have been done already. Quality standards were potentially compromised, as both the tutor and exa m board had to be asked to take into consideration the circumstances surrounding the course,

Dead Mens Path by Chinua Achebe SUMMARY-RESPONSE (revise,fix for Essay

Dead Mens Path by Chinua Achebe SUMMARY-RESPONSE (revise,fix for resubmition) - Essay Example His wife Nancy decides to support him by turning the school yard into a beautiful garden. Mr. Obi and his wife Nancy put their whole lives into the work of creating a school with modern, high standards and Nancys dream garden. One evening as Mr. Obi was admiring his work, he sees a woman from the local village walk through the flower beds. Scandalized by seeing this woman walking by his school grounds, he asks a teacher for an explanation. The teacher informs him that for years, people from the near village have walked along this path that connects the village shrine with the burial place and the schoolyard. Mr. Obi sees this path as the same old-fashioned superstition that he wants to get rid of from his school. Also the Government Education Officer is coming soon to inspect the school and he wants to impress him with the transformation of the new modern school. This path is jeopardizing his chance to make this great impression, so he orders to build a fence to block the path.   When the village priest realizes that the path was closed he meets with Obi and politely explains how important the path is for the villagers and asks him to unblock the path. Michael refuses to reopen the path and makes fun of the villagers tradition. The villager priest doesnt say a word and leaves. A couple of days later a woman in the village dies in childbirth. Achebe writes the consequence of Mr. Obis decision and the reaction of the villagers, "A diviner was consulted immediately and prescribed heavy sacrifices to propitiate ancestors insulted by the fence".   Mr. Obi wakes up the next morning and sees the ruins of his work. He wakes up to see the schoolyard devastated, the flowers trampled to death, one of the school buildings pulled down and the beautiful hedges torn up not just near the path but right around the school, as the narrator reports, â€Å"The beautiful hedges were torn up not just near the path but right round the school, the flowers trampled

United Health Group Essay Example for Free

United Health Group Essay 1.Describe clearly the accounting changes Harnischfeger made in 1984 as stated in Note 2 of its financial statements a.Harnischfeger registered as a net sale the final sales amount of products bought from Kobe instead of only the gross margin received per unit. It has also taken in consideration the financial statements of some subsidiaries (but not all of them) to increase net sales. 2.What is the effect of the depreciation accounting method change on the reported income in 1984? How will this change affect profits in future years? a. In the case of depreciation of some type of assets, Harnischfeger is adjusting its depreciation policy to the straight-line method from accelerated methods, which let the company increased net income as the adjustments are being applied retroactively. This change will increase net income in the coming immediate years, but the depreciation expense will be present for a several more years since the straight-line method is being used. 3.What is the effect of the depreciation lives change? How will this change affect future reported profits? a.As mentioned before since straight-line method will be used, depreciation expenses will be more realistic. The change will increase profits immediately but reduces them in the following years. 4.The depreciation accounting changes assume that Harnischfeger’s plant and machinery will last longer and will lose their value more slowly. Given the business conditions Harnischfeger was facing in its primary industries in 1984, are these economic assumptions justified? a.Yes, I believe it was totally justified since revenues went down to $398,708,000 in 1984 from $447,461,000 in 1982, specially taking in consideration that 1984 revenues include other subsidiaries income that were not part of 1982 financial statements.

The Biogeography of the Dolphinfish :: Coryphaena Hippurus Animals Essays

The Biogeography of the Dolphinfish Description of Species Dolphinfish are compressed, elongated fish with a large mouth and many fine teeth. They have a long dorsal fin that stretches from their nape to a forked tail. The anal fin is also long, extending from mid-body to their forked tail. Males have a bony crest on the head that is not present in females. These colorful fish exhibit hues of gold on the sides, iridescent blues and greens on the sides and backs, and white and yellow underneath. The average size of the mature dolphinfish is between 1.5 - 3 ft. and weighs 15 - 30 lbs. Males are generally heavier than females regardless of length (Palko et al. 1982). The largest fish ever recorded was an 87 lb. fish caught off the coast of Costa Rica. Studies of sex ratios are inconclusive in regards to the distribution of males and females worldwide (Palko et al. 1982). Habitat Coryphaena hippurus is a pelagic fish that inhabits tropical and sub-tropical oceans worldwide. This cosmopolitan saltwater fish prefers water above 70 degrees F. (McClane 1974), and therefore, temperature determines the range for this species. The dolphinfish inhabits open waters near the edges of the continental shelves in tropical and sub-tropical environments (Palko et al. 1982). Vertical distribution in the ocean ranges from the surface to approximately 90 feet underwater (Palko et al. 1982). They are commonly found loitering near objects floating in water that may harbor prey species. These objects can be as substantial as large clumps of Sargassum weed, and insignificant as small streams of sea foam. Not much is known about the migration patterns of this fish, but it has been hypothesized that they follow seasonal fluctuations in water temperature in search of more productive food sources (Palko et al. 1982). Natural History Dolphinfish are migratory fish that travel in schools known as pods. The size of these schools is usually determined by size or sex. Young female dolphinfish tend to congregate near Sargassum patties while the young males usually seek the company of older males and females in the open ocean (Palko et al. 1982). Additionally, larger fish travel in smaller pods. Research concerning migration has provided little information about what determines the movements of dolphinfish.

Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay

Animals: Humor, Symbolism, and other Literary Devices in Chronicle of a Death Foretold In Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the author, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, utilizes the motif of animals as symbols: pigs for ironic humor, rabbits as foreshadowing, and many other animals to aid in description, characterization, and establishment of theme. ?Marquez uses pigs as motifs the novel. He makes a big deal out of the knives that Pablo and Pedro use while describing the murder. â€Å"The Vicario twins went to the bin in the pigsty where they kept their sacrificial tools and picked out the two best knives: one for quartering, ten inches long and two and a half inches wide, and the other for trimming, seven inches long and one and a half inches wide. They wrapped them in a rag and went to sharpen them at the meat market. † Marquez then goes into great detail about how they are pig knives used for killing pigs. This adds insult to injury for Santiago, being an Arab, thus being part of is a culture that considers pigs to be filthy. This is an example of the author’s ironic style of humor. ?Marquez provides an additional bit of ironic humor while Nasar is being slaughtered during the murder scene. â€Å"Trying to finish it once and for all, Pedro Vicario sought his heart, but he looked for it almost in the armpit, where pigs have it. † This further develops the cruel, ironic humor established by killing Nasar with pig knives, and is now being killed like a pig as well. Another use of pigs in the novel occurs when the Vicarios insist on having the wedding at their home, and in doing so are forced to have the ceremony in the pigpen. â€Å"‘[The] daughters would be married in the pigpen or they wouldn’t be married at all’†¦ The twins took the pigs off elsewhere and sanitized the pigsty with quicklime. † The Arab culture considers pigs to be filthy creatures, so Marquez continues to play on this belief by using the pigsty as a metaphor for the impurity of the marriage. Additionally, the parents rely upon the brothers to clean up both before the marriage, and after it’s destroyed by their sister’s untraditional actions, adding to the metaphor. Marquez also utilizes a rabbit similarly to the pig. Santiago walks into the kitchen for breakfast where Victoria Guzman, â€Å"had been quartering three rabbits for lunch. † â€Å"[Victoria Guzman] couldn’t avoid a wave of fright as she remembered Santiago Nasar’s horror when she pulled out the insides of a rabbit by the roots and threw the steaming guts to the dogs. † In this scene not only is Marquez is foreshadowing the killing of Nasar, but he’s also using irony to emphasize details of his violent and cruel demise. Marquez then adds to additional irony by showing Nasar’s opposition to this treatment of living or dead things when Guzman wonders how â€Å"a man accustomed to killing defenseless animals could suddenly express such horror†¦ She went on feeding the dogs with the insides of the other rabbits, just to embitter Santiago Nasar’s breakfast. † The emotions expressed by Nasar in this scene add to his and Victoria Guzman’s characterization: Nasar’s opposition to violence, and Guzman’s hidden despise for Nasar. Dogs are also a motif used by Marquez in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. One of the first scenes that Marquez utilizes the dogs in is the previously mentioned scene with Victoria Guzman feeding the guts of the rabbits to the dogs. But before she does this, Nasar tells her with regards to her actions, â€Å" ‘Don’t be a savage†¦ Make believe it was a human being. ’† This scene foreshadows Nasar’s killing, but then Marquez uses the dogs in a similar way on page 73, after the actual killing has occurred: â€Å"The dogs, aroused by the smell of death, increased the uneasiness. They hadn’t stopped howling since I [the narrator] went into the house, when Santiago Nasar was still in his death throes in the kitchen and I found Divina Flor weeping in great howls and holding them off with a stick. ‘Help me,’ she shouted to me. ‘What they want is to eat his guts. ’† The parallels between the two scenes add to the ironic humor Marquez creates. The dogs are often also used as a motif for the people in the town, especially regarding to their gossip and the way word spreads. As the Vicario brothers are leaving their house to sharpen their knives in preparation for killing Nasar, â€Å"they left by way of the pigpen gate, with their knives unwrapped, trailed by the uproar of the dogs in the yards. † It’s as if the dogs are people gossiping and spreading the word that Nasar is to be killed. This motif continues on page 67, where â€Å"The dogs barked at [Santiago Nasar] as usual when they heard him come in, but he calmed them down in the half light with the tinkling of his keys. † In this instance it’s as if people have the intent of warning Nasar, but nobody seems to be able to, and the word is continuing to spread to everyone but him. The dogs also represent the population when they are â€Å"aroused by the smell of death. † The people throughout the story get excited with the idea of a murder, and while many are opposed to the actual act of killing Nasar, they still find excitement in the event and act in accordance with their feelings: they spread the word like wildfire, nobody takes time to warn Nasar until it is too late, and then they gather to watch the act. They treat the entire thing like some exciting, thrilling event, not like a tragic and cruel act, as one would expect. They act like dogs with their animalistic group reactions to the events that take place. Marquez sums up these animalistic reactions on the last page of the book, as Nasar is walking through the neighbors’ house carrying his entrails. Poncho Lanao, the neighbor, recalls â€Å"‘the terrible smell of shit. ’† This recollection carries two related meanings. The first being the entire event ‘smelled bad’. It showed a terrible side of human behavior and leaves bad impressions on people who hear of it. This relates to the second, which comes back to people acting like animals. Animals are often described as smelling bad, or ‘like shit’, and from the way Nasar was killed to the way the people in the story acted, this entire event was extremely animalistic. Birds, in particular falcons, are also a motif in the story. In the dedication of Chronicle of a Death Foretold there is a quote from Gil Vicente, â€Å"The pursuit of love is like falconry. † This could mean that like in falconry, where the falcon learns to accept its role under its master, a woman must learn to accept its role as wife and lover under her husband. This belief, however, is one of tradition, and this novel is constantly bringing into question whether or not tradition is good or bad, right or wrong. This quote could also mean that it is up to somebody to go out and find a suitable lover, one will not just show up, just as a falconer must go out and seek a falcon. Another use of the falcon is on page 65, where the narrator, a friend of Nasar’s, warns him he should not sleep with Maria Alejandro Cervantes, someone who slept with many men his age. He tells Nasar, â€Å" ‘A falcon who chases a warlike crane can only hope for a life of pain. ’† This is again relating the falcon to love. This time, however, the falcon is the one doing the pursuing. Santiago’s friend is warning him that should he choose to be with this woman who sleeps with many men, he can expect to be hurt as a result. Similarly to the falcon, Marquez uses a hawk to characterize Nasar. When Nasar grabs Divina Flor in the front room, Marquez describes his hand as â€Å"the butcher hawk hand. † This goes back to the falcon motif with love. The description of Nasar as a hawk again is used on page 90: â€Å"He was a sparrow hawk. He went about alone, just like his father, nipping the bud of any wayward virgin who began showing up in those woods. † This similar to the last, compares Nasar to a hawk, a predatory animal that survives by preying on helpless animals. Nasar is being described as a man who goes from virgin to virgin, taking advantage of them, but never actually engaging in extended relationships with any of them. Gabriel Garcia Marquez uses animals as motifs frequently throughout Chronicle of a Death Foretold to aid in his establishment of theme, characterization, emphasis of events, foreshadowing, and as means of humor. He utilizes a variety of animals, in particular the pig, rabbit, and birds to carry out this variety of literary functions.